Daytime communication is limited to ground-wave coverage and a single E hop out to about 1500 km for well equipped stations (running the full legal limit, a quarter-wave vertical with a good ground system, and a low noise receiving environment).
At night, the D layer quickly disappears and worldwide 160 meter communication becomes possible via F2 layer skip and ducting.
Atmospheric and man-made noise limits propagation.
Tropical and mid latitude thunderstorms cause high levels of static in summer, making winter evenings the best time to work DX at 1.8 MHz.
A proper choice of receiving antenna (Beverage, 4-square, small loop) can often significantly reduce the amount of received noise to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
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